HISTORY
NEDERLANDS (ENGLISH BELOW)
In zijn liner notes bij een album van Jimmy Giuffre gebruikte gitarist Jim Hall in 1958 de term ‘instant composition’ om improvisatie te beschrijven. Een paar jaar later vond Misha Mengelberg, die de tekst van Hall niet kende, de term opnieuw uit, en vestigde die daarmee. Als een stil manifest gingen deze twee Engelse woorden in tegen de gedachte dat improviseren muzikaal van een mindere orde zou zijn dan componeren, of een kunstvorm zonder geheugen, die slechts in het moment zou bestaan en zich niet aan een vorm hield. Misha’s formulering stelde improvisatie gelijk aan geschreven compositie (of zelfs superieur daaraan, gezien de snelheid van handelen).
Ja maar… Misha zegt dat hij dacht aan ‘instantkoffie’, iets wat een rechtgeaarde koffiedrinker nooit zou accepteren als vervanger voor zijn bakkie pleur. Daarmee haalt hij zijn hoogdravende idee meteen al bij het opperen onderuit Midden jaren ’60 raakte Mengelberg betrokken bij de Fluxus-beweging, die hij aantrekkelijk vond omdat die nergens voor stond, geen idealen nastreefde. Wat de conceptuele kunstenaars, choquerende artiesten, vroege minimalisten, muzikale komieken et cetera, aan Fluxus bond, was een behoefte aan een performance-vorm die hen allemaal ten dienste kon staan. (Vandaar dat symbool van typische jaren-zestig-mafheid, de multimedia-happening.) Uiteindelijk formeerde hij een band die die flexibiliteit had: het moderne ICP Orchestra.
De oprichters van de ICP, Mengelberg en drummer Han Bennink, speelden al sinds 1961 samen; in 1964 speelden ze op Eric Dolphy’s Last Date en in een succesvol Nederlands kwartet, tot ze de anarchistische jonge rietblazer Willem Breuker erbij haalden, wiens verstorende aanwezigheid de groep uiteindelijk uiteenreet. Dat was prima; Han en Misha hielden van muzikale confrontaties. Mengelberg had compositie gestudeerd aan het Haags conservatorium (samen met zijn vriend Louis Andriessen); in zijn compositie ‘Hello Windyboys’ uit de jaren ’60 zijn twee blaaskwintetten bezig met vraag-en-antwoordspelletjes, ze communiceren middels een muzikale code, interrumperen of blokkeren ze elkaar, of verleiden hun rivalen juist tot samenwerking. Op een formele manier deden ze dus hetzelfde wat de ICP-musici op informele wijze doen.
Bennink, Breuker en Mengelberg startten de ICP in 1967. In 1974 vertrok de saxofonist om het Willem Breuker Kollektief te formeren, lange tijd het vlaggenschip van de Nederlandse geïmproviseerde muziek. Mengelberg (en Bennink) richtten het rommelige ICP Tentet op (met daarin onder meer de Duitse saxofonist Peter Brötzmann en soms de cellist Tristan Honsinger). Die band rijpte in de jaren ’80 tot iets wat erg op het ICP Orchestra van nu begon te lijken, door de toevoeging van jongere muzikanten, van wie er een aantal zijn gebleven: trombonist Wolter Wierbos, de saxofonisten/klarinettisten Michael Moore en Ab Baars, en bassist Ernst Glerum. Toen ze nieuw waren in het orkest, instrueerde Misha de muzikanten in diverse strategieën om muziek te maken – zoals het gebruik van zijn ‘virussen’: pakketjes notenmateriaal die een bandlid naar believen in een compositie kon invoeren om die te infecteren of te ondermijnen. De musici leerden hoe ze moesten omgaan met de eigenaardigheden in timing of intonatie van hun collega’s, hoe ze hun collega’s in verwarring konden brengen vóór die hen zelf in verwarring konden brengen, en hoe ze bepaalde subroutines binnen een stuk konden uitvoeren.
Een ander, jazzmatiger onderdeel van hun opleiding was een serie repertoire-projecten, gewijd aan Mengelbergs piano- en compositiehelden Herbie Nichols, Thelonious Monk en Duke Ellington. Die projecten dienden als aanschouwelijk onderwijs in het belang van fraaie melodieën en voicings (Ellington), de opbouw en afbraak van akkoorden (Monk) en hoe je akkoordopeenvolgingen kunt bedenken die zich op ongebruikelijke manieren voortbewegen (Nichols). Stukken van elk van deze componisten duiken nog steeds op in de setlijsten van de ICP (naast een paar van de hand van Hoagy Carmichael), en de lessen betalen zich nog steeds uit.
Na verloop van tijd gingen de muzikanten inzien dat elk van de mogelijkheden die Misha ze had aangeboden op elk moment en in elk stuk in te zetten was. Bandleden konden ook ter plekke nieuwe kreukels bedenken, in de wetenschap dat alle anderen daarmee aan de slag zouden kunnen gaan. Dat bleek ook het geval te zijn met de muzikanten die later toetraden tot de ICP: de Duitse (en tegenwoordig New Yorkse) trompettist Thomas Heberer; de uit de moderne gecomponeerde muziek afkomstige (alt)violist Mary Oliver, en saxofonist/klarinettist Tobias Delius. Cellist Honsinger sloot zich in de jaren ’90 ook weer aan. (Ze leiden daarnaast ook allemaal hun eigen ensembles of doen ad-hocprojecten.)
Het volwassen ICP Orchestra is dus een gemengd ensemble: deels jazzband, deels kamerorkest, bezet met een stekelig strijktrio: altviool, cello en contrabas. Tegenover hen staat een vijfmans blazerssectie, drie riet- en twee koperblazers. Net als in de band van Ellington zijn het allemaal uitgesproken muzikale individuen, die prachtig samengaan met het geschreven materiaal.
Gezien hun individualiteit is het samenvloeien opmerkelijk te noemen. De zalvende toon van Mary Oliver draagt de conceptuele strengheid van de nieuwe gecomponeerde muziek aan de strijkers bij; Tristan Honsinger is de anarchist, die de grenzen opzoekt; Ernst Glerum slaat met zijn diepe, houten basklank een brug tussen de strijkers en de ritmesectie. (En hij heeft een schitterende toon als hij strijkt.) Thomas Heberer brengt een stevige bebop-achtergrond mee, plus een kwarttoons trompet, waarmee hij de gaten in de twaalftoonsladder kan verkennen. De stormachtige, ongrijpbare Wolter Wierbos kan iedere tromboneklank die hij ooit heeft gehoord imiteren, zonder dat hij daarbij zijn eigen stem verliest. Ab Baars heeft een voorkeur voor extreme hoge klarinetnoten en een luide, maar kwetsbare sound op tenorsax. Michael Moore kan zoet en lyrisch zijn, maar ook sarcastisch en zuur op klarinet en altsax. Tobias Delius’ grote, wollige tenortoon refereert aan het swingtijdperk, maar zijn invulling is absoluut modern te noemen.
Ondertussen versterkt en port drummer Bennink de ritmes van de solisten op en biedt hij optimale tempo’s voor soepele swing. Hij speelt hard, maar luistert altijd, en heeft een uitstekend instinct voor wanneer een bepaalde episode of vorm zijn beste tijd heeft gehad. En Misha kleurt en beïnvloedt de gang van zaken vanaf de toetsen op subtiele wijze. Als pianist heeft hij het idee van Monk overgenomen dat tegendraads begeleiden effectiever kan zijn dan vriendelijk begeleiden – en dat soms stilte de beste optie is.
Om alles fris te houden, deelde Mengelberg de door hem opgestelde setlijsten pas uit als de muzikanten het podium op gingen. De lijsten bevatten steevast een aantal composities, gescheiden door spontane, improviserende subgroepjes, waarbij hij de bandleden de gelegenheid bood om van het ene naar het andere geschreven thema te spelen. Er kan ook een ‘instant compositie’ ontstaan, waarbij de muzikanten geleid worden door tekens van een van hun collega’s, die de improvisatie leidt door middel van een soort mime-gebaren.
De band is groot genoeg om een stevige sound neer te zetten, maar ook compact genoeg om overeind te blijven bij scherpe bochten. Bij optredens verschuiven de toon en de referentiekaders voortdurend. De muzikale handeling vloeit als een stroom: reële surrealistische muziek. Een ICP-set bevat oude en nieuwe stukken, jazz-zaken en grappige zaken, feesten met alles erop en eraan en geïmproviseerde instortingen.
Tegenwoordig stellen alle bandleden om beurten de setlijsten op – en Bennink vaker dan de rest. De muzikanten dragen ook hun eigen stukken bij, en nieuwe arrangementen van oudere Mengelberg-composities. De muziek zit vol verrassingen, onverwachte wendingen, souplesse en elegantie, en vreemde uitbarstingen. Er is geen ander ensemble dat zo klinkt, en geen twee optredens lijken ooit op elkaar.
Kevin Whitehead
ENGLISH
In 1958, guitarist Jim Hall, in liner notes to a Jimmy Giuffre album, used the term “instant composition” to describe improvising. A few years later, Misha Mengelberg, knowing nothing of this, re-coined the term, and it stuck. A quiet manifesto, those two English words countered notions that improvising was either a lesser order of music-making than composing, or an art without a memory, existing only in the moment, unmindful of form. Misha's formulation posited improvisation as formal composition's equal (if not its superior, being faster).
Yes but: Misha says he was thinking of “instant coffee,” stuff any serious java drinker recognized as a sham substitute. He deflates his lofty idea even as he raises it. In the mid-1960s Mengelberg became involved with the Fluxus art movement, which he found inviting because it stood for nothing, had no ideals to defend. What bound together Fluxus's conceptualists, shock artists, early minimalists, musical comics et cetera was a need for a performance format that could accommodate them all. (Hence that symbol of '60s kookiness, the multimedia Happening.) Eventually he formed a band with that kind of flexibility: the modern ICP Orchestra.
ICP co-founders Mengelberg and drummer Han Bennink have played together since 1961; before long they’d played on Eric Dolphy’s 1964 Last Date and in a successful Dutch quartet, until they brought in the anarchistic young reed player Willem Breuker, whose disruptive presence tore the group apart. That was OK; Han and Misha liked musical confrontations. Mengelberg had studied composition at the Hague conservatory (alongside his friend Louis Andriessen); in his ’60s game piece “Hello Windyboys,” two wind quintets variously engage in call and response, communicate in musical code, interrupt or block each other, or seduce their rivals into cooperating. They did formally what ICP’s musicians now do informally.
Bennink, Breuker and Mengelberg founded the ICP co-op in 1967. In 1974 the saxophonist left to form the Willem Breuker Kollektief, longtime flagship of Dutch improvised music. Mengelberg (and Bennink) founded the raggedy ICP Tentet (including German saxophonist Peter Brötzmann, and sometimes cellist Tristan Honsinger). That band matured into something very like the present-day ICP Orchestra in the 1980s, with the addition of younger players, some of whom have been there ever since: trombonist Wolter Wierbos, saxophonists/clarinetists Michael Moore and Ab Baars, and bassist Ernst Glerum. When they were new to the orchestra, Misha rehearsed the players in various performance strategies—such as the uses of his “viruses,” self-contained packets of notated material a player could cue into any composition to infect or disable it. The musicians learned how to deal with fellow players’ quirks of timing or intonation, how to confound their colleagues before their colleagues could confound them, how to bend or subvert the music in performance, and run little subroutines within a piece.
Another, jazzier part of their education was a series of repertory projects, devoted to Mengelberg’s pianistic and compositional heroes Herbie Nichols, Thelonious Monk and Duke Ellington. Those projects served as object lessons in the value of pretty melodies and voicings (Ellington), the construction and subversion of chords (Monk) and how to devise chord progressions that move in unusual ways (Nichols). Pieces by each of those composers still turn up on ICP set lists (along with a few by Hoagy Carmichael), and those lessons still pay off.
In time, the players came to understand that any of the possibilities Misha had raised was available for use at any time, on any piece. Members could also make up new wrinkles on the spot, confident everyone else would pick right up on it. That also proved true with the players who joined ICP later: German trumpeter (and now New Yorker) Thomas Heberer; new music violinist/violist Mary Oliver, and saxophonist/clarinetist Tobias Delius. Cellist Honsinger rejoined in the 90s as well. (All also lead their own ensembles or occasional projects.)
So the mature ICP is a mixed ensemble: part jazz band, part chamber orchestra. On stage, the space between Misha’s piano and Han’s drums is occupied by a thorny string trio: viola, cello and doublebass. Across from them is a five-piece horn section, three reeds and two brass. As in Ellington’s band, distinctive, individual players can merge beautifully on the written material.
Indeed, given their individuality, the blending is remarkable. Sleek-sounding Mary Oliver brings the conceptual rigor of new composed music to the strings; Tristan Honsinger is the anarchist, testing limits; Ernst Glerum with his deep woody bass tone anchors the string and rhythm sections. (And he gets a beautiful tone when he bows the strings.) Thomas Heberer has solid bebop chops, and a quarter-tone trumpet to let him get into the cracks in the 12-note scale. The blustery, slippery Wolter Wierbos can imitate any trombone sound he ever heard, without losing his own voice. Ab Baars favors extreme clarinet high notes, and a loud but nakedly vulnerable tenor saxophone sound. On clarinet or alto Michael Moore can be sweetly lyrical or sarcastically sour. Tobias Delius’s big, furry tenor tone harks back to the swing era, but his ear is decidedly modern.
Meanwhile, drummer Bennink amplifies and gooses soloists’ rhythms, and sets optimal tempos for limber swing. He’s loud but always listening, and has excellent instincts for pulling the plug when a particular episode or gambit has run its course. And Misha colors and subtly influences the action from the keyboard. As pianist he took from Monk the idea that effective comping may be more obstinate than sympathetic—and that sometimes, silence is the best option.
To keep things fresh, Mengelberg would write out and distribute set lists moments before the players hit the stage. Those lists typically include several compositions separated by spontaneous improvised sub-groups, allowing the players the option of improvising their way out of and into the written themes. There might also be an “instant composition”—the players taking their cues from one of their fellows, who conducts their improvising using informal pantomime gestures.
The band’s big enough to shout but compact enough to hold the road on sharp turns. In performance, its tone and frames of reference keep shifting. The action is fluid, as in a dream: surreal music for real. An ICP set contains new and old tunes, jazz business and maybe a little funny business, full-force raveups and improvised breakdowns.
Nowadays, all the players take turns writing those set lists—Bennink most frequently. And the players bring their own pieces, and new arrangements of older Mengelberg tunes. The music’s full of surprises, unexpected turns, limber grace and strange eruptions. Nothing else and no one else sounds quite like them, and no two gigs are ever alike.
Kevin Whitehead
THE MUSICIANS
Misha Mengelberg (1935-2017) was a co-founder of the Instant Composers Pool with Han Bennink and Willem Breuker in 1967. He performed in duo with Han Bennink for more than 40 years and led the ICP Orchestra for more than 30. His other credits include performing and recording with Eric Dolphy, John Tchicai, Derek Bailey, Steve Lacy, Peter Brötzmann, Dave Douglas, and many others. www.mishamengelberg.com.
Han Bennink (drums) is a co-founder of the ICP, long-time associate of Misha Mengelberg, and one of the most in-demand drummers in Europe. He has performed and recorded with jazz musicians such as Dexter Gordon and Sonny Rollins, as well as European improvisers such as Peter Brötzmann, Derek Bailey, and Willem Breuker. He trained as a graphic artist and has exhibited work in several media, including sculptures from found objects that can include broken drum heads and drumsticks; he also designs many of his own LP and CD sleeves. www.hanbennink.com.
In addition to playing solo concerts and performing with his own trio, Ab Baars (clarinet, tenorsax) can be regularly heard with The Ex, Luc Ex’s Assemblee and the Kaja Draksler Octet. Since 1990, his main focus has been on the Ab Baars Trio, which led to tours with Steve Lacy and Roswell Rudd and Ken Vandermark. He has a regular duo with violist Ig Henneman and co-leads the trio Fish-scale Sunrise and Perch Hen Brock & Rain. A collaboration with the Nieuw Ensemble, shakuhachi player Iwamoto and conductor Butch Morris at the festival Improvisations. Baars resume also mentions the names of François Houle, John Carter, Roger Turner, Sunny Murray, George Lewis, Anthony Braxton, Cecil Taylor, and Gerry Hemingway among others. www.stichtingwig.com.
Tobias Delius (clarinet, tenorsax) began playing the tenor saxophone in the Ruhrgebiet, Germany. It was in Mexico City and especially in Amsterdam that he developed his very personal style. He now lives in Berlin. Next to leading his highly acclaimed 4tet with Han Bennink, Joe Williamson & Tristan Honsinger, which has been going for more than 20 years and 4 CDs on the ICP label, as well as the trio Booklet (with Joe Williamson and drummer Steve Heather) His improvisations can be heard in a very wide variety of contexts with musicians from all over the globe. www.doek.org.
Ernst Glerum studied classical double-bass at the Conservatory of Amsterdam. During his studies he joined contemporary music ensembles (ASKO ensemble) as well as improvised music groups (Curtis Clark, Hans Dulfer, JC Tans, Theo Loevendie). He frequently performed with such artists as Steve Lacy, Lee Konitz, Uri Caine, Teddy Edwards, Benny Maupin, Jimmy Knepper, Jamaladeen Tacuma, John Zorn, Bud Shank, Art Hodes, Don Byron and many others. Besides being a member of the ICP and the Benjamin Herman Quartet, he performs in the Guus Janssen Trio, Van Kemenade/Anderson/Glerum/Bennink and Quartet NL. He sometimes doubles on piano in his own trio Glerum Omnibus, which currently features pianist Timothy Banchet and drummer Jamie Peet. www.ernstglerum.nl.
Thomas Heberer (cornet, trumpet) joined ICP in 1993. Born in Germany in 1965, he studied at the Cologne University of Music. Thomas has performed on 6 continents and can be heard on approximately 100 recordings. He was awarded the SWR Jazz Award and the Preis der Deutschen Schallplattenkritik. His leader credits include recordings for the CIMP, Clean Feed, JazzHausMusik, NoBusiness, and Red Toucan labels. Thomas has been a resident of New York City since 2008, where he lives with his wife Robin. Recent collaborations include recordings and concert tours with among others: Peter Brötzmann, his own band Clarino, Ken Filiano, HNH, Achim Kaufmann, Butch Morris, Pascal Niggenkemper, The Nu Band and Aki Takase. Past highlights include writing music for choreographer Pina Bausch and the Tanztheater Wuppertal, his critically acclaimed duet with bassist Dieter Manderscheid, and his membership in Alexander von Schlippenbach's Berlin Contemporary Jazz Orchestra. www.thomasheberer.com.
Born in New England, the cellist Tristan Honsinger (1949-2023) studied at the Peabody Conservatory in Baltimore. By the '70s, the Trans-American had moved to Amsterdam. Since a memorable set of concerts in Berlin in 1988, released on the much sought-after FMP box set, Honsinger remained been a fairly regular member of Cecil Taylor's groups, including the European Quartet with Harri Sjöström and Paul Lovens, and further including an unusual combination that performed at the Total Music Meeting in November 1999: the Cecil Taylor Ensemble with Franky Douglas, Tristan Honsinger and Andrew Cyrille.
The music of Guus Janssen (piano, organ) is difficult to categorize. It can be a composed improvisation (Brake for piano solo) or an improvised composition (parts from his Violin Concerto or his opera Noach). Music is like life itself, sometimes it asks for fast decisions and sometimes it needs to be thought over a lot. As a pianist and harpsichordist, he performed in various groupings with musicians from John Zorn to Gidon Kremer. Since the early 1980’s he has led his own ensembles, ranging from piano trios to 11-piece band and opera orchestra. Janssen’s achievements in the field of jazz and improvised music have been widely acclaimed. His compositions have been widely played by, amongst others, the Asko Schönberg Ensemble, the Ebony Band and the Koninklijk Concertgebouworkest. He received several prizes including the Johan Wagenaar Prijs 2012 for his whole oeuvre. Janssen teaches composition at the Royal Conservatoire in The Hague. www.guusjanssen.com.
Michael Moore (clarinet, alto sax) was born in Arcata, California, where he played in clubs and attended school before moving to Boston to study at the New England Conservatory of Music. There he worked with Joseph Allard, Jaki Byard, Joe Maneri, Gunther Schuller, George Russell and others. After spending two years in NYC he moved to Amsterdam, where he has lived since 1984. He (co)-led Available Jelly and Jewels & Binoculars and worked with Franky Douglas, Achim Kaufmann, Dave Douglas, Fred Hersch, Benoit Delbecq, Paul Berner and others. Current projects include his own Michael Moore Fragile Quartet, the Eric Boeren 4tet and singer Jodi Gilbert’s The Voice is the Matter. www.ramboyrecordings.com.
Mary Oliver (violin, viola) is a performer whose virtuosity spans the worlds of scored and improvised music. Oliver (b. La Jolla, California) completed her studies at the University of California, San Diego where she received her Ph.D. for her research in the theory and practice of improvised music. Her doctoral thesis, “Constellations in Play,” identified a new kind of creative discipline, which Oliver has pursued with colleagues locally and around the world. As a soloist, Oliver has performed in numerous international festivals and premiered works by John Cage, Chaya Czernowin, Brian Ferneyhough, Lou Harrison, George E. Lewis, Liza Lim, Misha Mengelberg, Iannis Xenakis and others. She has worked alongside improvising musicians and dancers such as Mark Dresser, Katie Duck, Joëlle Léandre, Myra Melford, Alexander von Schlippenbach and Michael Schumacher. In addition to her position in the ICP Orchestra she is a member of the trio Picatrix (with Nora Mulder and Greetje Bijma). She teaches at the faculty of Arts, Media and Technologie at the Hogeschool voor de Kunsten Utrecht, and at the Dutch Improv Academy.
Wolter Wierbos (trombone) can be heard on more than 100 CDs and LPs. Like many Dutch brass players Wierbos started out in a ‘fanfare’ (brass band), switching from trumpet to trombone when he was 17. Since 1979 he has performed with Henry Threadgill, The Ex, The Berlin Contemporary Jazz Orchestra (led by Alexander von Schlippenbach), the European Big Band (led by Cecil Taylor), Sonic Youth, the John Carter Project, Mingus Big Band (Epitaph, directed by Gunther Schuller) and many others. He was a regular member of the Gerry Hemingway Quintet, Franky Douglas’ Sunchild, Bik Bent Braam, Albrecht Maurer Trio Works, NoCanDo, Available Jelly, Sean Bergin’s MOB, Carl Ludwig Hübsch’s Longrun Development of the Universe, Frank Gratkowski Quartet and Theo Loevendie’s Wellingtonians. Due to illness Wolter no longer performs with ICP. www.wolterwierbos.nl.
DISCOGRAPHY
Peter Stubley over at the European Free Improvisation Pages has been maintaining an excellent ICP Records discography for many years, you can find it here.